Silverfish衣鱼  

衣物蛀虫不仅蛀蚀羊毛、兔毛、真丝、呢绒等材料制成的衣服，还可取食补药、 面粉、花生、大豆、淀粉、香料，破坏地毯、壁毯、沙发套、椅垫。

身有灰色细鳞，腹部末端有尾须三根，。圆形直径约 l ～ 2 毫米，行动迅捷径，稍一有声音，像鱼一样逃走。喜欢温暖、潮湿的地方，夜间活动昆虫，遇光便逃跑，通常浆糊、胶质为其食物。对书籍、衣服、字画、纸箱等为害，也常以人们不太翻动的旧书和贮藏品取食为窝。也为害羊毛衫、毛呢等服装。

毛衣鱼雄虫体长 9 ～ 13 毫米，黄铜色，背面有微黑鳞片，尾须三根外，另有复刺二对。雌虫个体大于雄虫，产卵管很长，产卵管有 3 毫米左右长。毛衣鱼成虫性活泼，雌虫将卵散产或成块地产在贮藏食品附近，初龄幼虫身上无鳞片。一年发生数代，喜欢生活在黑暗、潮湿或密闭的场所。

为害物有丝绸、毛料、衣服、布匹、纸张、花生、芝麻，甚至中药材等。为害羊毛衫及呢绒服装时，蛀孔光洁，不见虫粪，形状圆形或不定形。圆形直径约 l ～ 2 毫米。

预防措施：每年衣物翻晒收藏时，要避开害虫交配、产卵季节。藏衣人箱时，手感柔软的、 贵重的丝毛衣服与手感粗硬的衣服要分箱存放，衣箱内放入防蛀药品(如樟脑丸) 。

虫害识别:成虫形似胡萝卜，上宽下窄，约12mm长。触角短于体长，背面披有银黑色细桃形鳞片；复眼1对，每个复眼仅由12个小眼面组成；口器原始，只能咬嚼一小部分食品或仅仅擦去食品表层，如纸张等。雄虫第8-9腹节下有1对突起源，第9腹节有1小的阳茎，精子藏在一细袋内，为精囊。

生活习性:蕞适宜的湿度是90％。家衣鱼大多以淀粉、糊精类为食，但也能消化某些纤维素，如纸张等，也可将棉、尼龙、人造丝等纤维咬成洞，但不能依赖它们生存。

繁殖特征:卵散产或成块产在裂缝里，卵宽卵形，微小，约为1.5×1mm。产后几小时，卵变黑呈褐色。初龄若虫约2mm长，乳白色行走不稳，蜕皮3次后，身体出现鳞片，第4次蜕皮后，出现第1对尾须，第8-9次蜕皮后，可见第2对尾须。成虫约至第10龄才开始产卵。家衣鱼喜潮湿环境，卵在22℃时，相对湿度在50％以上才能孵化，若虫则在相对湿度70％以上才发育良好。

危害:为害书籍、纸张、服装、大米、麻袋等

DESCRIPTION: Silverfish are small, soft insects without wings. The abdomen has three filaments extending from it.Silverfish are not often seen by homeowners because they are nocturnal and can run very swiftly. Occasionally, they are found in bathtubs. They crawl in seeking food or moisture and can't climb out. These insects prefer vegetable matter with a high carbohydrate and protein content. However, indoors they will feed on almost anything. A partial list includes dried beef, flour, starch, paper, gum, glue, cotton, linen, rayon, silk, sugar, molds and breakfast cereals.

HABITAT: Silverfish normally live outdoors under rocks, bark and leaf mold, in the nests of birds and mammals, and in ant and termite nests. However, many are found in houses and are considered a pest, or at least a nuisance, by homeowners. Usually they are found trapped in a bathtub, sink, or washbasin.

LIFE CYCLE: Adults lay eggs in small groups containing a few to 50 eggs. The eggs are very small and deposited in cracks and crevices. A female normally lays less than 100 eggs during her lifespan of two to eight years. Under ideal conditions, the eggs hatch in two weeks, but may take up to two months to hatch.

The young nymphs are very much like the adults except for size. Several years are required before they are sexually mature, and they must mate after each molt if viable eggs are to be produced. Populations do not build up rapidly because of their slow development rate and the small number of eggs laid.

TYPE OF DAMAGE: A household pest, they feed on cereals and non-food items such as paste, paper, starch in clothes, rayon fabrics and dried meats.

防治方法

物理防治

发现蛀孔或蛀虫，及时在衣箱、衣柜内寻找虫窝，并用力拍打，让虫落在窝外地面上并将其拍死。受害重的衣物用水清洗，经日晒干后熨平，将隐藏在衣服缝隙内的虫卵彻底清除，不能用水清洗的衣服，可送洗染店干洗或熏蒸。

化学防治

用0．5％氯菊酯200— 500毫升，倒入小喷雾器内，对着受蛀衣服喷洒，然后折叠起来，外用塑料薄膜包装，密封48小时后太阳暴晒，可杀死大部分蛀虫。

（一）预防措施 1.做好书架的清洁、卫生工作，书架里的书，要经常清理和保持整洁，防止害虫繁殖。 2.将工具书等有价值的书籍，同一般课本等参考资料分档排列，并经常翻动有价值的书籍。 3.书架尽量避免靠墙安放，以便通风、防潮，也便于打扫。 4.书架要设法安装橱门，无条件的可在书架上覆盖一层塑料薄膜，既可防尘，又可防虫。不常用的书籍，可安放小包樟脑丸。 5.书架周围边缘可用药笔画一圈，或在书籍间安放“灭蟑灵”，防止蜚蠊为害。 6.用“灭害灵”涂刷书架缝隙，或取0.5％氯菊酯喷洒书架，待药水干后将书放上。如此间隔2-3个月后，重复施药一次。 7.预防书虱和衣鱼为害的蕞好方法是：保持居室干燥，不让霉菌有繁殖的机会。有些住所保持干燥有困难的话，可用2％甲醛对书架抹揩或喷雾。

（二）治理措施 1.档案馆、图书馆、藏书屉内的档案资料、书报、杂志等，若发现有档案窃蠹、小圆皮蠹等为害时，应迅速检查书籍，将有虫的与无虫的分隔安放。无虫的书籍、档案，可用“灭害灵”等药剂按上述方法处理；为害严重的图书或档案，则赶紧与有关单位联系，并进行熏蒸杀灭。 2.档案馆、图书馆、藏书屉的杀虫熏蒸，要注意以下几点：①尽可能不搞“整体熏蒸”。②要注意公共安全，检查有无熏蒸条件。③熏蒸时，要取得当地政府和上级机关的同意和支持。④用磷化铝药物熏蒸时，剂量为每立方米9克，密闭120-1 44小时，按长×宽×高的实测体积来计算实际用药量。